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'生產大國衣索比亞咖啡豆減產,今後將何去何從?' |
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'現在我們所喝的咖啡有很多都是由阿拉比卡咖啡豆製成。衣索比亞不僅是阿拉比卡咖啡豆的重要產區,更是非洲最大的阿拉比卡咖啡豆生產國,當地有 1,500 萬人以此爲生,是重要經濟支柱。 但溫度升高、降雨減少等氣候變遷,正一步步影響咖啡豆產業。NPR 報導,在' |
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'<p>
現在我們所喝的咖啡有很多都是由阿拉比卡咖啡豆製成。衣索比亞不僅是阿拉比卡咖啡豆的重要產區,更是非洲最大的阿拉比卡咖啡豆生產國,當地有 1,500 萬人以此爲生,是重要經濟支柱。</p>
<p>
但溫度升高、降雨減少等氣候變遷,正一步步影響咖啡豆產業。NPR 報導,在衣索比亞的某些地區,春夏降雨量已經比 1970 年代少 15% 到 20%。在西南部的戈雷 (Gore),降雨量更比 1950 年代少了 40 英吋。旱災的比例則是越來越高,影響咖啡豆收成。</p>
<p>
根據期刊《Natural Plants》指出,受到氣候變遷影響,衣索比亞可能少掉 39% 到 59% 的咖啡豆收成。倫敦皇家植物園的科學家 Aaron Davis 說:「氣候變遷的影響,衣索比亞的咖啡豆農首當其衝。」他說已經有很多農人告訴他收成量減少。</p>
<p>
2015 年 Davis 在衣索比亞時,他親眼看到乾旱對當地的影響。「我們到的時候,一大片種咖啡豆的農地都死光了。」他說。自 1910 年以來,哈勒爾 (Harar) 一帶的咖啡豆產量一直很高,「現在看來好像到達臨界點了。」</p>
<p>
有解決辦法嗎?有人會說,農人可以把作物遷移到其他地方。現在衣索比亞的咖啡樹多種植在海拔 1,200 到 2,200 公尺處,如今出現問題,或許可移到更高的地方種植。而且雖然面臨氣候問題,但如果能夠遷移,搭配相關配套措施,還有可能擴大種植。</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" src="/uploads/allimg/170724/12-1FH4115026128.jpg" style="width: 290px; height: 193px;" /></p>
<p>
說起來容易,做起來卻難上加難。</p>
<p>
「紙上談兵簡單,只要把作物往上移就好。」Davis 說:「但這需要下很多功夫,付出很大資源與人力。」多數衣索比亞農人沒有這些資源。</p>
<p>
當地的咖啡專家 Wondyifraw Tefera 則認爲,衣索比亞的咖啡種植區域仍會減少。雖然咖啡樹被推往海拔更高的地方,但仍無法彌補逝去的種植區域。</p>
<p>
但至少衣索比亞有這個選擇。越南熱帶農業中心的科學家 Peter Laderach指出,並非所有咖啡生產國都有把咖啡樹移到高處的條件。「綜觀全球,未來種植咖啡樹的區域將會減少。」他說。不過他也提到,除了氣候,還有害蟲及疾病等要素得考量進去。</p>
<p>
有沒有咖啡喝是一回事,當地農人又該怎麼生存下去?Davis、Tefera 和 Laderach 都認爲農民該轉種別的作物。</p>
<p>
事實上,當地有的農人已經這麼做了。很多人轉而種植利潤高且耐旱的巧茶 (khat),這是一種源於東非的作物,葉子能做成毒品。比起種咖啡,巧茶帶來的獲利高出三到四倍。</p>
<p>
也有農民改種玉米,但因爲咖啡樹原先都生長在大型樹木的樹蔭底下,所以改種玉米得把大樹清空,反而造成伐林與土質流失等環境問題。</p>
<p>
或許可以考慮把咖啡樹移植到當前林地被破壞且海拔較高的區域,再搭配較大型樹木的種植,如此可以增加林地植披,也幫助當地農民生計。</p>
<p>
氣候影響作物生長的問題已經不是一天兩天,也不是隻有咖啡深受其害。雖然伴隨而來的問題看似還在很遠的未來,但也只有從此時此刻起身改變才能解決。</p>
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